RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a evolução da deglutição de pacientes após acidente vascular cerebral. Métodos: trata-se de estudo exploratório descritivo com amostra não probabilística em que foram acompanhados 100 pacientes admitidos com o diagnóstico de acidente vascular cerebral no Hospital Público Regional de Betim. Os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação fonoaudiológica estruturada em dois momentos: nas primeiras 48 horas após acidente vascular cerebral e no momento da alta hospitalar. Utilizou-se a escala Gugging Swallowing Screen que é um instrumento padronizado e validado para ser utilizado na beira do leito. Resultados: na avaliação fonoaudiológica inicial, a frequência da disfagia foi de 52%, sendo que 28% dos pacientes foram classificados como disfagia grave com alto risco de aspiração. A média de tempo entre a avaliação inicial da deglutição e a do momento da alta hospitalar foi de 22,1 dias. Na alta, apenas 2,1% dos pacientes ainda apresentavam disfagia grave. Observou-se mudança do perfil de deglutição do paciente de acordo com a gravidade da disfagia e da consistência da dieta oral. Conclusão: a frequência de disfagia após acidente vascular cerebral é alta, mas há progressiva mudança no perfil de deglutição do paciente durante o período de internação.

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the evolution of swallowing after acute stroke. Methods: this is a descriptive exploratory study with a non-probabilistic sample where 100 stroke patients were followed in the Regional Public Hospital of Betim. The patients were subjected to a structured speech evaluation in two different times: in the first 48 hours after stroke and at the time of hospital discharge. The Gugging Swallowing Screen scale was used. It is a standardized and valid tool to be used at the bedside. Results: in the initial speech evaluation, the frequency of dysphagia among patients was of 52%, being that 28% of them were diagnosed with severe dysphagia with high risk of aspiration. The average time between the initial swallowing assessment and the assessment at the hospital discharge was 22.1 days. At the hospital discharge, only 2.1% of patients still presented severe dysphagia. A change of the swallowing profile with the severity of dysphagia and texture of the oral feeding was observed. Conclusion: the frequency of post-stroke dysphagia is high, but there are progressive changes in the swallowing profile of the patients during their hospital stay.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a frequência de disfagia em pacientes acometidos por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e investigar possíveis fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos associados. Método: Trata-se de estudo descritivo do tipo transversal em que foram avaliados 100 pacientes admitidos com o diagnóstico de AVC no Hospital Público Regional de Minas Gerais. Dados sociodemográficos e clínicos foram obtidos, e os pacientes, submetidos à avaliação clínica da deglutição por meio da escala Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). Resultados: A frequência da disfagia foi de 50%, sendo que a maioria dos pacientes apresentou alteração grave da deglutição. Apenas história pregressa de AVC mostrou associação com disfagia (p=0,02). Outras variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas não se associaram com disfagia, indicando que a localização e a fisiopatologia do AVC não influenciaram sua ocorrência e gravidade. Conclusão: A frequência de disfagia após o AVC é elevada, sendo o histórico de AVC importante fator de risco.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the frequency of dysphagia in acute stroke and the possible associated clinical and sociodemographic features. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed including 100 stroke patients who were admitted to the Minas Gerais Regional Public Hospital. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected, and the patients underwent clinical evaluation through the Gugging Swallowing Screen (GUSS). Results: The frequency of dysphagia was 50%, and most patients had severe swallowing disorders. Only a previous history of stroke was associated with dysphagia (p=0.02). Other sociodemographic and clinical variables were not associated with dysphagia, suggesting that the location and the pathophysiology of stroke did not influence its occurrence and severity. Conclusion: The frequency of dysphagia after stroke is high, being a previous stroke an important risk factor for subsequent stroke.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterapia é a síndrome neurológica mais comum secundária à terapêutica antineoplásica e acomete principalmente pacientes que necessitam de tratamento com taxanes e derivados da platina. A neuropatia sensorial é o tipo mais frequente. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão narrativa de literatura sobre a fisiopatologia, manifestações clínicas, impacto, avaliação, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção da neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterapia. CONTEÚDO: Estudos recentes têm demonstrado associação entre moléculas inflamatórias, estresse oxidativo e o desenvolvimento da neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterapia. Dentre os sintomas, queixas de dormências e formigamentos nos membros são as mais frequentes, sendo a dor neuropática quadro de significativo impacto na funcionalidade dos pacientes em terapia antineoplásica. Diversos instrumentos de avaliação têm sido testados, sendo a eletroneuromiografia considerada o padrão ouro para o diagnóstico de neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterapia. A terapêutica e a sua prevenção contam com diferentes estratégias farmacológicas. CONCLUSÃO: Reconhece-se que a neuropatia periférica induzida por quimioterapia é uma síndrome frequente e que interfere negativamente no tratamento e na qualidade de vida do paciente com câncer. Fármacos diferentes estão associados a graus variáveis de risco, o que mostra sua complexidade neurobiológica. As estratégias de prevenção, diagnóstico e tratamento precisam evoluir sobremaneira no sentido de minimizar a sua ocorrência e a gravidade.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is the most common neurological syndrome secondary to antineoplastic therapy primarily affecting patients being treated with taxanes and platinum derivatives. Sensory neuropathy is the most frequent type. This study aimed at carrying out a narrative review of the literature on the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, impact, evaluation, diagnosis treatment and prevention of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. CONTENTS: Recent studies have shown association among inflammatory molecules, oxidative stress and development of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Most frequent symptoms are limbs numbness and tingling, with neuropathic pain having significant impact on the functionality of patients submitted to antineoplastic therapy. Several evaluation tools have been tested, being electroneuromyography considered the golden standard for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy diagnosis. There are different pharmacological strategies for its therapy and prevention. CONCLUSION: It is known that chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a frequent syndrome negatively interfering with cancer patients’ treatment and quality of life. Different drugs are associated to different risk levels, which show its neurobiological complexity. Prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies have to greatly evolve to minimize its frequency and severity.

Objetivo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação do sono, depressão e ansiedade em pacientes com migrânea. Métodos Cinquenta pacientes do sexo feminino, provenientes de um centro terciário de tratamento de cefaleias, com o diagnóstico de migrânea segundo os critérios da International Headache Society, foram incluídas neste estudo. As pacientes foram avaliadas com os seguintes instrumentos: Migraine Disability Assessment test (MIDAS), Headache Impact Test (HIT), Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression Scale (HAD-D), Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP) e Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Resultados As pacientes apresentaram alta prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade (60%) e de depressão (42%), má qualidade do sono (80%) e sonolência diurna (36%). Foi demonstrada correlação positiva entre a gravidade dos sintomas de ansiedade e HIT (p = 0,018; ρ = 0,334), ESE (p = 0,002; ρ = 0,426) e IQSP (p = 0,002; ρ = 0,426). Correlação positiva também foi demonstrada entre a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos e HIT (p < 0,001; ρ = 0,532), ESE (p = 0,035; ρ = 0,299) e IQSP (p = 0,016, ρ = 0,34). Não houve associação entre a qualidade do sono, a sonolência diurna e a gravidade da migrânea. A pontuação na HAD-D foi o principal preditor de impacto grave da migrânea. Conclusão Apesar da alta frequência de distúrbios do sono, o principal fator relacionado ao impacto da migrânea foi a gravidade dos sintomas depressivos.

Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association of sleep, depression and anxiety symptoms in migraine patients. Methods Fifty female patients diagnosed with migraine according to the International Headache Society criteria were recruited from a headache referral clinic. Patients were evaluated using the following instruments: Migraine Disability Assessment test (MIDAS), Headache Impact Test (HIT), Hospital Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression scale (HAD-D), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results Patients presented higher prevalence of anxiety (60%) and depressive (42%) symptoms, poor quality of sleep (80%) and daytime sleepiness (36%). A positive correlation was shown between anxiety symptoms and HIT (p = 0.018; ρ = 0.334), ESS (p = 0.002; ρ = 0.426), and PSQI (p = 0.002; ρ = 0.426). A positive correlation was also shown between depressive symptoms and HIT (p < 0.001; ρ = 0,532), ESS (p = 0.035; ρ = 0.299) and PSQI (p = 0.016, ρ = 0.34). There was no association between quality of sleep, daytime sleepiness, and migraine severity. HAD-D score was the only predictor associated with substantial or severe migraine impact. Conclusion Despite the elevated frequency of sleep disorders, the main factor associated with migraine impact was the severity of depressive symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity and reliability of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia by examining its temporal stability, internal consistency, and discriminant and convergent validity. METHODS: The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was administered to 116 stable patients with schizophrenia and 58 matched control subjects. To assess concurrent validity, a subset of patients underwent a traditional neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: The patients with schizophrenia performed significantly worse than the controls (p<0.001) on all subtests of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia and on the total score, which attests to the discriminant validity of the test. The global score of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was significantly correlated with all of the subtests and with the global score for the standard battery. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia also had good test-retest reliability (rho>0.8). The internal consistency of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia was high (Cronbach's α ϝ 0.874). CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia exhibits good reliability and discriminant and concurrent validity and is a promising tool for easily assessing cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and for comparing the performance of Brazilian patients with that of patients from other countries.

Objetivo: determinar o perfil clínico dos pacientes com miastenia gravis (MG) atendidos na Clínica de Doenças Neuromusculares do Serviço de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, e comparar com outras séries de casos brasileiras. Métodos: foram coletados dados clínicos e sociodemográficos dos pacientes, e realizada revisão sistemática de literatura, focando em estudos nacionais sobre o perfil clínico de pacientes com MG. Resultados: sessenta e nove pacientes participaram do estudo, sendo 55 (91%) do sexo feminino, e a média de idade (desvio-padrão) de 37,6 (±11,4) anos. O tempo médio de doença foi de 14,1 anos. Em relação ao tratamento, o uso isolado de prednisona foi a estratégia mais adotada (64%), seguida do uso de azatioprina (43,3%). Não houve diferença entre os pacientes timectomizados (47) e não timectomizados (22) no que diz respeito à gravidade da doença e ao tratamento. Conclusão: as características clínicas e sociodemográficas da presente amostra de pacientes com MG de um serviço universitário assemelham-se às características de outras séries brasileiras e da literatura internacional.

Summary Objective: to determine the clinical profile of patients with myasthenia gravis (MG); followed at the Neuromuscular Diseases Clinic of the University Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to compare it with other Brazilian case series. Methods: sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from patients, and a systematic literature review performed, focusing on national studies on the clinical profile of MG patients. Results: sixty nine patients were enrolled in the study. Fifty five (91%) subjects were female and the mean age (SD) was 37.6 (±11.4) years. The mean disease duration was 14.1 years. Regarding treatment, prednisone was the most used strategy (64%), followed by the use of azathioprine (43%). There was no difference between thymectomized (42) and non-thymectomized (27) patients regarding disease severity and medication use. Conclusion: clinical and socio-demographic features of this MG sample from a University-based clinic resemble those reported in other Brazilian series and in the international literature.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic hepatitis C virus infection patients have higher rates of psychiatric disorders than the general population. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is known to be associated with impaired health related quality of life. To our knowledge, there is no previous research of health related quality of life in chronic hepatitis C patients that combined structured psychiatric interview and careful psychopathological evaluation, including depression, anxiety and fatigue instruments. The aim of this study was to evaluate health related quality of life of chronic hepatitis C patients and to investigate the association with sociodemographic, psychopathological and psychiatric factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-one individuals with chronic hepatitis C virus infection receiving care at a Brazilian public university-based outpatient service for infectious diseases were enrolled in the study. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version was used to assess health related quality of life. Standard psychiatric interview (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus) was conducted to establish Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I psychiatric diagnosis. Further instruments completed psychopathological investigation: Beck Depression Inventory, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Brief Fatigue Inventory, Hamilton Depression Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Pearson Chi-Square and Kruskal-Wallis were performed for categorical and continuous univariate analysis, respectively. Correlation between psychopathological and health related quality of life scores was performed according to Spearman's correlation. Multivariate analysis was performed according to stepwise forward ordinal logistic regression. The significance threshold was fixed at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Depressive disorders were associated with worse scores in overall health related quality of life and in all domains. Fatigue was associated with lower scores in physical and psychological domains, and married status with higher scores in psychological health related quality of life. We found strong correlation among scores of depression, fatigue and health related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Depression and fatigue must be properly investigated and managed in HCV patients in order to improve HRQL. WHOQOL-BREF proved to be a useful instrument to assess HRQL in HCV patients.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta revisão das recomendações sobre os exames complementares empregados para o diagnóstico clínico de doença de Alzheimer (DA) no Brasil, publicadas em 2005. Foram avaliados de modo sistemático consensos elaborados em outros países e artigos sobre o diagnóstico de DA no Brasil disponíveis no PUBMED ou LILACS. Os exames laboratoriais recomendados são hemograma completo, creatinina sérica, hormônio tíreo-estimulante, albumina, enzimas hepáticas, vitamina B12, ácido fólico, cálcio, reações sorológicas para sífilis e, em pacientes com idade inferior a 60 anos, com apresentações clínicas atípicas ou com sintomas sugestivos, sorologia para HIV. Exame de neuroimagem estrutural, tomografia computadorizada ou - preferencialmente - ressonância magnética, é indicado na investigação diagnóstica de síndrome demencial, para exclusão de causas secundárias. Exames de neuroimagem funcional (SPECT e PET), quando disponíveis, aumentam a confiabilidade diagnóstica e auxiliam no diagnóstico diferencial de outras formas de demência. O exame do líquido cefalorraquidiano é preconizado em casos de demência de início pré-senil, com apresentação ou curso clínico atípicos, hidrocefalia comunicante e quando há suspeita de doença inflamatória, infecciosa ou priônica do sistema nervoso central. O eletroencefalograma de rotina auxilia no diagnóstico diferencial de síndrome demencial com outras condições que interferem no funcionamento cognitivo. A genotipagem da apolipoproteína E ou de outros polimorfismos de susceptibilidade não é recomendada com finalidade diagnóstica ou para avaliação de risco de desenvolvimento da doença. Os biomarcadores relacionados às alterações moleculares da DA ainda são de uso quase exclusivo em protocolos de pesquisa, mas quando disponíveis podem contribuir para maior precisão diagnóstica da doença.

Abstract This article presents a review of the recommendations on supplementary exams employed for the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Brazil published in 2005. A systematic assessment of the consensus reached in other countries, and of articles on AD diagnosis in Brazil available on the PUBMED and LILACS medical databases, was carried out. Recommended laboratory exams included complete blood count, serum creatinine, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), albumin, hepatic enzymes, Vitamin B12, folic acid, calcium, serological reactions for syphilis and serology for HIV in patients aged younger than 60 years with atypical clinical signs or suggestive symptoms. Structural neuroimaging, computed tomography or - preferably - magnetic resonance exams, are indicated for diagnostic investigation of dementia syndrome to rule out secondary etiologies. Functional neuroimaging exams (SPECT and PET), when available, increase diagnostic reliability and assist in the differential diagnosis of other types of dementia. The cerebrospinal fluid exam is indicated in cases of pre-senile onset dementia with atypical clinical presentation or course, for communicant hydrocephaly, and suspected inflammatory, infectious or prion disease of the central nervous system. Routine electroencephalograms aid the differential diagnosis of dementia syndrome with other conditions which impair cognitive functioning. Genotyping of apolipoprotein E or other susceptibility polymorphisms is not recommended for diagnostic purposes or for assessing the risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers related to the molecular alterations in AD are largely limited to use exclusively in research protocols, but when available can contribute to improving the accuracy of diagnosis of the disease.

Alterações de equilíbrio ocorrem com a progressão da doença de Parkinson (DP). Objetivo: Validar a versão brasileira da Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg (EEB) para pacientes com DP, determinando a confiabilidade, a consistência interna e correlacionando com instrumentos específicos da DP. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 53 pacientes (H/M 37/16, idade média±DP, 62±7,9 anos) com DP (media±DP, 7,8±4,4 anos). Escala de Graduação Unificada da Doença de Parkinson (UPDRS), Escala de Schwab e England (S&E), Escala de Estágios de Hoehn e Yahr (HY) e EEB foram utilizadas. Análise estatística para confiabilidade entre examinadores, consistência interna e correlações entre EEB, UPDRS, S&E e HY foram realizadas. RESULTADOS: Os escores médios±DP nas escalas UPDRS e EEB foram, respectivamente, 41,6±17,8 e 47,2±8,2. A mediana nas escalas S&E e HY foram 80% e 2,5. A EEB mostrou ter alto coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC=0,84) e consistência interna (α de Cronbach=0,92). Houve correlação estatisticamente significativa entre EEB e a duração da doença (r s= -0,520, p<0,001), sub-escalas II e III do UPDRS (r s= -0,467, p=0,011; r s= -0,374, p=0,046, respectivamente), estágio da doença (HY; r s= -0,507, p<0,001), com as atividades da vida diária (S&E; r s= 0,492; p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A EEB é um instrumento promissor para avaliar o equilíbrio na DP, correlacionando-se com o estágio da doença e o nível de independência.

Background: Changes in balance occur with the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE: To validate the Brazilian version of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) for PD patients, determining its reliability and internal consistency and correlating it with PD-specific instruments. METHOD: We evaluated 53 patients (M/F 37/16, mean age±SD, 62±7.9 years) with PD (mean±SD, 7.8±4.4 years). Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Schwab and England Scale (S&E), Hoehn and Yahr Staging Scale (HY) and BBS were used to assess patients. Statistical analyses for inter-rater reliability, internal consistency and correlations among BBS, UPDRS, S&E and HY were performed. RESULTS: The mean scores±SD on UPDRS and BBS were, respectively, 41.6±17.8 and 47.2±8.2. The median on S&E and HY scales were 80% and 2.5, respectively. The BBS presented a high intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC=0.84) and internal consistency (Cronbrach's α=0.92). There was a statistically significant correlation between BBS and disease duration (r s= -0.520, p<0.001), UPDRS subscales II and III (r s= -0.467, p=0.011; r s= -0.374, p=0.046, respectively), stage of disease (HY; r s= -0.507, p<0.001) and the activities of daily living (S&E; r s=0.492, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The BBS is a promising tool for the assessment of balance in PD, correlating with the stage of disease and the level of independence.

A hanseníase é doença crônica infecciosa que se caracteriza por apresentar formas clínicas contrastantes, que são dependentes da interação do bacilo com a resposta imune do hospedeiro. O estudo dos processos imunológicos torna-se fundamental para o entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na apresentação e no desenvolvimento da doença. Neste artigo, é revisada a imunopatogênese da hanseníase.

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease characterized by contrasting clinical forms that are dependent on the interactions between the bacillus and the host immune response. Thus, the study of the immunological process is extremely relevant for the comprehension of the mechanisms involved in leprosy presentation and development. In this paper, the immunopathogenesis of leprosy is reviewed.

Neste estudo, a expressão de receptores de quimiocinas na superfície dos leucócitos circulantes foi feita pela citometria de fluxo. Houve aumento da porcentagem de linfócitos CCR2+CD4+ no sangue periférico dos pacientes com hanseníase. Este resultado preliminar sugeriu alteração do perfil dos receptores de quimiocinas desses pacientes.

In this study, the expression of chemokine receptors on the surface of circulating leukocytes was determined using flow cytometry. An increase in the percentage of CCR2+CD4+ lymphocytes was observed in the peripheral blood of leprosy patients. This preliminary data suggests that alterations occur in the chemokine receptor profile of these patients.

Resumo A avaliação cognitiva na esquizofrenia tem utilizado tradicionalmente baterias longas e complexas ou que variam significativamente em seu conteúdo. A "Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia" (BACS) foi desenvolvida para cobrir os principais déficits cognitivos na esquizofrenia, para ser de fácil e breve aplicação, assim como portátil, sensível e confiável. Objetivos: Investigar a aplicabilidade e a sensibilidade da versão brasileira da BACS (Brazilian-BACS). Métodos: O desempenho de 20 pacientes estáveis com esquizofrenia na Brazilian-BACS foi comparado ao de 20 controles saudáveis pareados. Resultados: A aplicação da Brazilian-BACS exigiu 43.4±8.4 minutos nos pacientes e 40.5±5.7 minutos nos controles (p=0.17). Todos os testes foram significativamente diferentes entre pacientes e controles (P<0.01). A correlação de Pearson e o alfa de Cronbach evidenciaram alto grau de consistência interna no desempenho dos pacientes. O déficit cognitivo nos pacientes foi cerca de 1,5 desvio-padrão menor do que nos controles. Esses resultados são consistentes com os relatados na validação da versão original e em meta-análises de estudos similares. Conclusões: A Brazilian-BACS mostrou boas aplicabilidade e sensibilidade na investigação dos principais domínios cognitivos comprometidos na esquizofrenia. Portanto, a Brazilian-BACS mostra-se um instrumento promissor no estudo da cognição de pacientes com esquizofrenia no Brasil.

Abstract Cognitive assessment in schizophrenia has traditionally used batteries that are long and complex or differ widely in their content. The Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) has been developed to cover the main cognitive deficits of schizophrenia as well as to be easily and briefly administered, portable, sensitive and reliable. Objectives: To investigate the applicability and sensitivity of the Brazilian Version of the BACS (Brazilian-BACS). Methods: Performance of 20 stable patients with schizophrenia on the Brazilian-BACS was compared to 20 matched healthy controls. Results: Applying the Brazilian-BACS required 43.4±8.4 minutes for patients and 40.5±5.7 minutes for controls (p=0.17). All tests demonstrated significant differences between controls and patients (P<0.01). Pearson's correlation analysis and Cronbach's a evidenced a high internal consistency for patient performance. The cognitive deficit in the patients was approximately 1.5 standard deviations below controls. These results were consistent with those reported in the validation of the original version and in meta-analyses of similar studies. Conclusions: The Brazilian-BACS displayed good applicability and sensitivity in assessing the major cognitive constructs that are impaired in schizophrenia. Thus, the Brazilian-BACS seems to be a promising tool for assessing cognition in patients with schizophrenia in Brazil.